2009. Trainer, V.L., B.M. University of California, Santa Cruz, California. Appendix IV. Oil spills when they happen, are difficult to manage, particularly when they occur at sea and where the location is remote and exposed to open ocean conditions. Stock Assessment Report: Sea otters (Enhydra lutris): Southwest Alaska stock [PDF 395 Kb]. North American Fauna 68:1-352. Table 1 provides recent population estimates for the Sea Otter by region in North America. 1993). A symposium was held in 1995 at the Vancouver Aquarium to discuss procedures necessary in the event of a spill to effectively protect the population (Watson 1995). 2002. The Canada-U.S.A. Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan includes a plan for transboundary waters in southern British Columbia (CANUSPAC) and a plan for the transboundary waters to the north in Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX). 65(1):75-100. The first row lists the column headings for the subsequent rows, as follows: conservation measures, priority, threats or concerns addressed, and timeline. Alaska, and California. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:637-647. 2011, Bodkin et al. Illegal moose kill in northeastern Ontario: 1997-2002. Historical and current global range of all three subspecies of Sea Otters. Sampling Sea Otters and carcasses and screening for diseases allows the monitoring of emergent multihost epizoonotics and changes in Sea Otter health and these can serve as indicators of the health of the marine environment (Jessup et al. 1998). The sea otter population within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is estimated to be more than 1,200. There is also a possibility that the availability of pelts within First Nation communities may inadvertently create an interest in the acquisition of pelts by unauthorized people and development of an illegal market. A coastline that looks more like it did in the past, Salomon concludes, “could be a solution for how we manage these tricky trade-offs in the future.”. A population survey procedure has now been developed that provides an index of population abundance and growth trends (Nichol et al. Based on these variables, the study concludes that the transformations triggered by otter recovery offer a net benefit. 2002, Ballachey et al. While this section considers the effects of hydrocarbon spills, spills of other chemicals and substances may also be of concern depending on their toxicity and persistence in the environment. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Doak, J.A Estes, B.B. Recent population surveys (2008) indicate the Canadian Sea Otter population includes a minimum of 4,110 animals along the west coast of Vancouver Island and 602 animals on the central British Columbia coast. From the stern of a skiff speeding away from Vancouver Island, Joe Martin trains a steely gaze on the scattered islets just west of Tofino. Prepared for: Habitat Stewardship Program. Sea Otters and Oil: An overview. Queen’s Printer, Victoria, BC. The British Columbia transplant of sea otters Enhydra lutris. Western Alaska had an estimated population of 47,676 animals in 2000-04. In 2007, a Recovery Potential Assessment was prepared for Sea Otters including an estimate of the level of human induced mortality that the population could sustain and still continue to increase and recover (Nichol 2007). Brancato, M.S., L. Milonas, C.E. 2008a. 1993) to 3,905 (DeGange et al. 1996. The assigned prioritization of each measure may change with time as new information emerges. Vessel Traffic Density for all ships in 2003, as reported by Marine Communications and Traffic Services (from MacConnachie et al. 2008b. In British Columbia, Sea Otters occupy exposed coastal areas with extensive rock reefs and associated shallow depths. Reichert, and U. Varanasi. Last assessment based on an update status report. in: P.E.T. Rice, J.W. 2005). Direct releases to the aquatic environment from anthropogenic sources occur through the use and spillage of petroleum products, coal, and creosote. The proposed area includes the Scott Islands archipelago (Lanz, Cox, Sartine, Bereford and Triangle Islands) and surrounding marine area. EnviroEmerg Consulting Services, Cowichan Bay, British Columbia. Nichol, and P.S. 2005. However, the impact of by-catch from new or expanded fisheries since the 1980s (crab, lobster and finfish traps) in California has become of concern as a possible cause of the lack of recovery of the southern Sea Otter population (Hatfield et al. For the central coast this includes continuous expansion from the southern end of the Goose Group, northward through Queens Sound to Cape Mark at the edge of Milbanke Sound and also in an area off Aristazabal Island. 2010. Sea Otters occupy coastal marine habitats and these are the interface between the terrestrial and the marine. The reintroduction to B.C. Using samples from 42 live-captured Sea Otters on the British Columbia coast in 2003 and 2004 and invertebrate prey samples, Harris et al (2011a) showed Sea Otters in British Columbia are exposed to PAHs via dietary uptake from prey, which are exposed through sediment contamination. The last otters seen in B.C. Support the enforcement of the Fisheries Act, Marine Mammal Regulations, Aboriginal Communal Fishing Licenses Regulations, Oceans Act, Canada National Parks Act, National Marine Conservation Areas Act, and British Columbia provincial Wildlife Act. It has also been shown that the presence of Sea Otters in British Columbia results in increases in rockfish settlement rates and recruitment through their affect on the size and extent of kelp forest habitat (Markel 2011). A Sea Otter in Washington was confirmed to have died from CDV in 2004, the first reported case, but 80% of 32 live-captured Sea Otters in Washington in 2000 and 2001 and 20% of 42  live-captured Sea Otters in British Columbia in 2003 and 2004 tested seropositive for exposure to morbilliviruses (Shrubsole et al. 169 pp. More study is needed and is underway (University of British Columbia (UBC), Simon Fraser University (SFU)) to examine the extent of ecological effects of Sea Otters to kelp forest ecosystems in British Columbia and the species they support. Simenstad, and J.A. The extent of mortality from other sources such as entanglement in fishing gear, vessel strikes and illegal killing is only crudely estimated at this time. 395 pp. Figure 1. Lowenstine, P.A. Peterson, C.H., S.D. 2011. Mammalian Species 133. Morris, R.D., D.V. It is protected by the province’s Wildlife Act2 and Regulations. Scientific American. Numbers are small (<3,500) and require careful monitoring. Sea Otters are sexually dimorphic, although differences are not readily discernible at a distance. Monson D.H., D.F. Dick, L. 2006. PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England. Both catastrophic (acute) spills as well as chronic spills are described in the following paragraphs. The current level of illegal kills is unknown and the paucity of information makes it difficult to estimate the total number of illegal kills. Between 1977 and 1987, survey counts were conducted collaboratively by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), British Columbia Parks, and West Coast Whale Research (see Watson et al. Determine the origin of the species, taking into account all of the degree of interchange with adjacent populations assess. 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