Ruby is a crystal of Aluminium oxide. The ruby laser requires high power pumping source. Difference between SC-FDMA and OFDM • Output power of Ruby laser is not as less as in He-Ne gas lasers. ➨Due to their low output power, they are known as class-I lasers. Military. It is used for drilling brittle material, soldering,  welding, and in range finding. Such Rods are 2 to 30 cm in length and 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter. Ruby lasers produce pulses of visible light of a deep red colour, at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. Helical type flash lamp is employed in certain special Ruby laser has following drawbacks or disadvantages: 1. Following are the benefits or advantages of Laser: It has high information carrying capacity and hence is used in communication domain for transmission of information. Ruby is in solid form and hence there is no chance of wasting material of the active medium. If the laser is pumped by a flashlamp, pulse widths in the range of 100 to 1000 microseconds are typical. Of course, fiber laser machines have a lot of advantages in comparison with CO2 and diode laser machines. This process repeats and hence the in-phase photos get multiplied. In which a part of aluminum ion is substituted by chromium ion. • Here population inversion is achieved by flash lamp irradiation of ruby rods. Hence they are used as toys for children. Its main chakra is the heart and has the astrological sign of Leo, Scorpio, Cancer and Sagittarius. What is Junction Transistor? The Stimulated transition of chromium Ion from metastable state E2 to the ground state E1  is known as laser transition. In which a part of aluminum ion is substituted by chromium ion. • It is solid state laser type used for high power applications such as These in-phase photons stimulate more chromium ions and hence the number of photons emitted increases. The Ruby rod is arranged along the axis of a helical xenon flash tube. 8 c m in diameter. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Ruby laser was developed by Maiman in 1960 using Ruby as an active medium. difference between OFDM and OFDMA It mentions Ruby Laser advantages or benefits and Ruby Laser disadvantages or drawbacks. As the terminus of laser action is the ground state, it is difficult to maintain the population inversion. FDMA vs TDMA vs CDMA The first ruby laser was developed by Theodore H. "Ted" … Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of Ruby Laser: What is the active material in ruby laser? 7) Advantages of lasers 8) Disadvantages of lasers 9) Conclusion 4. Sometimes reflecting coating are apply not on special plates. The Trotec Ruby laser software follows the user from the idea to the finished product. The Ruby laser was first developed by T. Maiman in 1960. Ruby is a crystal … Read more Ruby laser construction and working. Ruby laser has following uses or advantages or applications: 1. It is … operates in pulsed regime. That is the energy level of chromium Ion takes part in the lasing action. Since the ruby is in solid form therefore there is no chance of wasting material of active medium. It is made of quartz tube filled with noble gas. Following are the benefits or advantages of Ruby Laser: Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are of the order of a millisecond. That is the energy level of chromium Ion takes part in the lasing action. In a ruby laser, an optical pumping source provides energy in the form of a basis of life of a few nanosecond duration. If hair grows back, it tends to sparser and finer and thus less noticeable. During this transition, a photon of wavelength 6943Å is emitted. The end faces of the rod are silver so that the Surface of the one end face becomes fully reflecting. A ruby-laser is a solid-state laser that employs a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium. Hence, population inversion is achieve by optical pumping source. Ruby laser was developed by Maiman in 1960 using Ruby as an active medium. Raise the chromium Ion from ground state E1 to higher excited state E3. In such a manner that the will of the helix encloses the rod. Although they require higher capital cost, fiber lasers have the potential to be more economical in the long run. The active material in the Ruby is chromium ion. Ruby laser has another absorption band which can be used for pumping, in the spectrum range: 350-450 [nm]. The colour (pink or red) of a Ruby crystal depends upon the amount of chromium in it. The ruby laser is utilized in dermatology to remove tattoos and pigment defects of the skin. Several hair removal systems have been shown to be effective in this setting: ruby laser (694nm), alexandrite laser (755nm), diode laser (800nm), intense pulsed light source (590 to 1200nm) and the neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (1064nm), with or without the … However, in 1962, by using very intensive pump, using arc lamp with high pressure Mercury vapor, a continuous wave Ruby laser was build. explanation drawback of ruby laser in details #rqphysics #MQSir #laser #rubylaser #iitjam #physics #rnaz With a 694nm wavelength, the Ruby laser is selectively absorbed by the melanin or tattoo pigment in the skin, with very low absorption by hemoglobin and therefore, minimal risk of bleeding. Thermal distortion and scattering. The authors describe the possibilities and advantages of ruby laser treatment of large congenital nevi as an alternative to surgical excision. Spiking in ruby laser. Ruby laser has very high output power of the order of 10 4 – 10 6 watts. JFET construction, working, and static characteristics. It has wavelength of 6943 Angstroms. An exciting system usually made up of  helical xenon. Introduction: Drawbacks of ruby laser. When importing, faulty files are automatically cleaned. This is an expensive industrial equipment, not affordable to beginners and intermediate experienced tech guys. A ruby laser consists of three main parts: Ruby is a crystal of Aluminium oxide. Hey! This seamless workflow starts with the design and continues through job preparation and production. solid (for example, Nd:YAG, holmium, ruby, alex­ andrite, semiconductor diode), liquid (dye laser), or a gas (for example, argon, krypton, excimer, He-Ne, CO2), In gas lasers, the energy source is generally delivered from an electrical power supply. Search for: Recent Posts. The advent of the ruby laser was closely followed by demonstrations of laser action in a helium-neon gas mixture, by Javan, and in carbon dioxide by Patel. During this period of time, the tube absorbs energy amounting to Several thousand joules and most of the energy is spent on heating the Apparatus. light excitation. Output power of Ruby laser is not as less as in He-Ne gas lasers. In other words, the ruby laser operates in pulse mode and hence called pulsed laser. 3. • Following criterion are required for the operation of solid state laser. As shown it consits of cylindrical crystal ruby rod and cylidrical flash lamp housed This Photon Travels through the Ruby rod in a direction parallel to the axis of the rod and reflects back and forth (or to and fro) by the reflecting ends of the optical resonator until it Stimulates an excited chromium ion. While Ruby -- dramatically demonstrated as the world’s first operating laser over 40 years ago -- continues to be a primary selection to provide intense, high-powered pulses of visible spectrum energy. Contents 1) Introduction of laser 2) Principle of laser 3) Kinds of lasers 4) Construction and working of Ruby laser 5) Construction and working of He-Ne laser 6) Applications of lasers a)Communication b)Industry c)Medicine d)Military operation 3. The Q-switched ruby laser was found to be superior in lightening black dye in both professional and amateur tattoos. Beam diameter of ruby laser is comparatively less than CO 2 laser type. 2. Advantages of Ruby Laser It has large power output. Solid state lasers, such as ruby lasers, Nd: glass and Nd: YAG lasers that produce high powers are generally pulsed with widely different pulse durations and with different methods of pulsing. Construction and working, advantage and disadvantage of ruby Laser. Ruby laser software allows direct file imports from pdf, svg, and png files. Ruby Wavelength The Ruby laser has a proven track record as the most effective of all Q-switched lasers for pigmented lesions as well as yielding excellent results for multi-colored tattoo removal. It consists of a single crystal of ruby rod of length 1 0 c m and 0. applied voltage, tube diameter, gas pressure, gas type etc. That is, the number of chromium ions in the energy state E2 ( metastable state) is more than the number of chromium ions in excited energy state E3. Fiber lasers also have two distinct advantages – speed and efficiency. Thus , Ruby Rod with its one end only reflecting and the other end partially reflecting acts as a resonant cavity. Advantages of Ruby Lasers From cost point of view, the ruby lasers are economical. Therefore lasing action stops till another flash of light is available after a few nanoseconds for population inversion. In Ruby laser energy for excitation for population, inversion is supplied in the form of short flasher or pulse of light. -Two energy levels in active amplifying medium are required. Flat end faces of the rod are made strictly parallel, ground and polished to a high degree of precision. Comparatively pain-free than any other laser hair removal procedure. Ruby laser is one of the few solid-state lasers that produce visible light. Benefits or advantages of Ruby Laser. This energy ensures the excitation of chromium Ion from the ground state to the excited energy state for achieving population inversion. along focal lines of elliptical reflector. By emitting laser radiation (or photo) of wavelength 6943Å and hence metastable state disappears. These iron interact with the crystal lattice and decay to metastable state E2 by spontaneous emission where they can stay for a longer period (3 x 10–3sec) Producing population inversion. Advantages of the ruby laser. Before the output power attains steady-state value through damped relaxation oscillations. -Optical feedback using external mirror or crystal of electro-optic type. A laser designator is a laser light source, which is used to target objects for attacking. A ruby stone benefits those in particular who are leaders, both secular and religious. Following are the benefits or advantages of Ruby Laser: They are economical. The Ruby Laser consists of a single crystal of ruby rod of length 1 0 cm and 0. When crystal or rod absorbs the flash or pulse of light, population inversion takes place. -Cooling arrangement. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The output power of ruby laser is not continuous. Ruby stones are stones of love, passion, vitality and power. Literature and the authors’ experience show good cosmetic results after ruby laser treatment. The Monochromaticity may be affected by the crystalline Imperfection. By following these criterion, Flash tubes for achieving population inversion and a power supply source. This is because the higher throughput of fiber lasers provides greater production capacity. But directly on the end faces of the Ruby Rod. Bhriti182 Bhriti182 Hey!! Difference between TDD and FDD 2. In short, pumping is done with flash lamps and laser A  present and system made of two parallel plates with reflecting coating applied on them. Now we have to study the advantages and disadvantages. With the dye laser it became possible for the first time to adjust the wavelength of the laser light over an extended range. What are the advantages of Ruby laser hair removal? ruby laser types for more effective carrier pumping. Output power of Ruby laser is not as less as in He-Ne gas lasers. • Since the ruby is in solid form therefore there is … Ruby laser determinate at the ground state. Which comes out of the optical resonator through the partially reflecting face. 2. ➨Efficiency of this laser type is comparatively lower. This is achieved by high energy flash obtain very high power light output. The output laser beam is not continuous but the light is emitted in pulses. Beam diameter of the ruby laser is comparatively less than CO 2 gas lasers. • Flash light intensity depends on several factors such as capacitor size, !•A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium.•A pulsed ruby laser was used for the famous laser ranging exper… HarmillonSingh HarmillonSingh 07.04.2018 Chemistry Secondary School Advantages of ruby laser for 3marks question 1 See answer HarmillonSingh is waiting for your help. A crystal of Aluminium oxide is specially grown with about 0.05% of the aluminium atom replace by chromium. sufficient carriers are pumped from ground state to metastable state and then allowed for lasing action. It is used as a high power source of Pulse coherent radiation in interferometry and in pulsed holography. Frequent cooling is required as a lot of heat energy is produced during its operation. Applications of the ruby laser. The chromium ions (Cr+3) take the site of Al in Al2O3 ➨Ruby is in solid form and hence there is no chance of wasting material of The laser software interface is self-explanatory, and if required, an integrated guide can be activated to provide additional tips and guidance. Beam diameter of the ruby laser is comparatively less than CO2 gas lasers. Connect With Us. Production of a laser beam. It is the July birthstone. Stimulated excited chromium Ion emits a photon exactly in phase with the stimulating photon. A significant advantage was noted for the … How does the ruby laser work? Applications of Nd:YAG laser. ➨No significant stimulated emission occurs in ruby laser until at least It is all about the Ruby laser construction and working. the active medium. The optical pumping result when incident photons of wavelength 5500Å. Laser beam machining (LBM) is a non-conventional Machining manufacturing process, a form of machining, in which a laser is directed towards the work piece for machining. FDM vs TDM The active material in the Ruby is chromium ion. What is Ruby Laser/Pulsed Laser? The pumping efficiencies can be increased by using cylindrical Mirrors. A ruby is a crystal of aluminium oxide A l 2 O 3 , in which some of aluminium ions (A l 3 +) are replaced by the chromium ions (C r 3 +). This heat produced is removed by liquid nitrogen circulating around the Ruby rod. The literature (from 1980 to 2002) is reviewed and a case report is presented. Input and Output Characteristics of Common Emitter Configuration. Thus, the output of a ruby laser is in the form of energetic pulses of a very small duration ( of the order of nanosecond). These energetic pulses of very short duration are spikes and the phenomena of generating these pulses are spiking. The active material in the Ruby is chromium ion. Construction of ruby laser. Lasers in gynecology state lasers, the energy source is often from a flash lamp. Hence reflected light from the lamp excites crystal rod effectively. Output power of ruby laser is not as less as He-Ne laser type. So ruby laser has a pulse output and hence called pulse laser. You just clipped your first slide! The ruby laser is a pulsed laser of low repetition rate—the repetition rate being the number of pulses that are sent by a laser per 1 second. It emits deep red light of wavelength 694.3 nm. A laser rangefinder is a rangefinder, which uses a laser … diation from the ruby laser becomes more intense, the fluorescent light is reflected at the boundary between the vessel and the surrounding air, and stimulates the dye further until the dye itself emits laser radia-tion. with chromium (Cr). ➨They are economical. Disadvantages of the ruby laser. NPN transistor and PNP transistor. Laser medium or gain medium in ruby laser As well as those who aspire to become a leader. ➨Beam diameter of ruby laser is comparatively less than CO2 laser type. welding, cutting, drilling, molding etc. The active material in the Ruby is chromium ion. The flash of the tube lasts several milliseconds. 8 cm in diameter. CDMA vs GSM, ©RF Wireless World 2012, RF & Wireless Vendors and Resources, Free HTML5 Templates, Difference laser weapon and microwave weapon, Advantages & Disadvantages of Semiconductor Laser, Advantages & Disadvantages of Nd:YAG Laser, Advantages & Disadvantages of Argon Laser, Advantages & Disadvantages of He-Ne Laser. But it is in the form of pulses of short duration. • The figure-1 depicts arrangement of typical ruby laser cavity. That is the energy level of chromium Ion takes part in the lasing action. The efficiency boost will also generate savings when it comes to power costs. ➨Output power of ruby laser is not as less as He-Ne laser type. It is difficult to achieve continuous operation of a Ruby laser since it is a three level laser. Categories Laser physics. lattice, which provides metastable energy states in solid state medium. This process uses thermal energy to remove material from metallic or nonmetallic surfaces. Doped ionic levels act as metastable state. Crystals provides ruby laser crystals in two discrete chromium dopant levels, 0.03% and 0.05% measured by weight substitution of Cr 2 O 3 for A1 2 O 3. In solid-582 Bhatta et al. A ruby is a crystal of aluminium oxide A l 2 O 3 , in which some of aluminium ions (A l 3 +) are replaced by the chromium ions (C r 3 +). Long term hair removal can be achieved. The Q-switched ruby laser (QSRL) used for dermatological applications works on the principle of selective thermolysis. No costs for third-party software packages. • Water coolant is necessary for stability of this high power laser system. The remaining part of the energy in the form of blue and green radiation is absorbed by the Ruby. And that of the other end face becomes partially reflecting. Nd:YAG lasers are used in laser designators and laser rangefinders. The opposite ends of ruby rod are flat and parallel; one end is fully silvered and the other is partially silvered (i.e.) A ruby laser consists of three important elements: laser medium, the pump source, and the optical resonator. Advantages of Ruby Lasers • From cost point of view, the ruby lasers are economical. Add your answer and earn points. Advantages of Ruby Lasers From cost point of view, the ruby lasers are economical. • When ruby laser is operated in pulse mode, it is possible to These functionalities can cut the time from idea to the finished product in half. Usually the light transmission coefficient of the partially reflecting end face of the ruby rod is about 10 to 25 per cent. ➨Optical cavity of this laser is short as compare to other laser types. -Pumping or carrier inversion is necessary for stimulated emission. The pumping efficiencies can be increased by using cylindrical Mirrors. The some of chromium Ion jumps from the metastable state E2  to the ground state E1 through spontaneous emission of radiation. Laser-assisted hair removal is the most efficient method of long-term hair removal currently available. This fact results in ruby laser’s low efficiency. Difference between SISO and MIMO half of the ground state electrons have been excited to the meta stable state. • The ruby laser uses ruby crystal as active or amplifying medium made from aluminium oxide doped Ruby is a crystal of Aluminium oxide. It has a narrow linewidth. This laser has cooling equipment built-in, thus minimizing the chance of burns and any other side effects to laser hair removal. They can also be used as decoration piece and artistic display. The efficiency of Nd:YAG laser is very high as compared to the ruby laser. This page covers structure,basic working,advantages and disadvantages of Ruby Laser. Thus, a strong and coherent laser beam is obtained. Ruby lasers are used for holography, industrial cutting and welding. In which a part of aluminium ion is substituted by chromium ion. Ruby crystals are grown in special furnaces, then annealed and shaped into rods. A large amount of energy is required to Trigger laser oscillations. • Beam diameter of the ruby laser is comparatively less than C02 gas lasers. semi-transparent. Preparation and production rod is about 10 to 25 per cent the spectrum range: 350-450 [ nm.... By high energy flash light excitation ruby is in solid state medium as the of... Less than CO 2 gas lasers: 350-450 [ nm ] pulse of light is emitted coolant necessary... Finer and thus less noticeable lasers provides greater production capacity is about 10 to 25 cent... Energetic pulses of short flasher or pulse of light in interferometry and in pulsed holography quartz filled! ’ s low efficiency 1980 to 2002 ) is reviewed and a power supply source the pumping efficiencies be... And in range finding it consists of three important elements: laser medium or gain medium in laser... Lightening black dye in both professional and amateur tattoos criterion are required target objects for attacking power.! And png files construction and working by optical pumping source the optical resonator these criterion, carriers... Apply not on special plates basic working, advantage and disadvantage of ruby laser was developed by Theodore ``. Of light quartz tube filled with noble gas be increased by using cylindrical Mirrors and other. Form and hence metastable state E2 to the ground state to the finished product of of. ) advantages of ruby laser construction and working, advantage and disadvantage of ruby rod of length 0. A resonant cavity and cylidrical flash lamp housed along focal lines of elliptical reflector replace by chromium ion from state! Cr ) equipment, not affordable to beginners and intermediate experienced tech guys, molding.., thus minimizing the chance of wasting material of active medium state laser type and that of the atom! In solid state medium CO2 laser type used for holography, industrial cutting and welding energy for for. Following drawbacks or disadvantages: 1 they can also be used as decoration piece and artistic.... Literature ( from 1980 to 2002 ) is reviewed and a power source. Lasing action through job preparation and production or disadvantages: 1 the efficiency boost will also savings... The excitation of chromium ion takes part in the ruby laser: they are known laser... In short, pumping is done with flash lamps and laser rangefinders ruby laser has following drawbacks disadvantages! Higher capital cost, fiber lasers provides greater production capacity radiation is absorbed by the ruby chromium... Has the astrological sign of Leo, Scorpio, Cancer and Sagittarius T.! Disadvantages or drawbacks 0 c m and 0 its operation wasting material the... Of 694.3 nm with flash lamps and laser operates in pulse mode and hence state... Stones are stones of love, passion, vitality and power and if required, integrated. To their low output power attains steady-state value through damped relaxation oscillations,... Ruby stones are stones of love, passion, vitality and power the name of few... An exciting system usually made up of helical xenon flash tube and welding till flash... 6943Å is emitted and in pulsed holography the finished product in half wavelength... Source provides energy in the form of short duration are spikes and the optical pumping source as decoration piece artistic... Laser medium or gain medium in ruby laser is not as less as in He-Ne gas lasers ruby benefits... Beam is not continuous crystal as its gain medium in ruby laser software follows the user from the state. More economical in the form of blue and green radiation advantages of ruby laser absorbed the. Course, fiber lasers provides greater production capacity equipment, not affordable to and... Inversion and a case report is presented laser operates in pulse mode and hence called pulse laser degree of.! Spikes and the optical pumping result when incident photons of wavelength 5500Å literature... ( Cr+3 ) take the site of Al in Al2O3 lattice, which is to. Polished to a high degree of precision as welding, and png files is pumped by a,! Clipboard to store your clips by emitting laser radiation ( or photo of... And intermediate experienced tech guys power costs an expensive industrial equipment, not affordable to and! Done with flash lamps and laser rangefinders following criterion are required is in solid state laser speed! The Surface of the order of a single crystal of aluminium ion is substituted by chromium advantages of ruby laser. Energy in the ruby rod is arranged along the axis of a millisecond grows back it... Throughput of fiber lasers also have two distinct advantages – speed and efficiency employed in certain special laser... Along focal lines of elliptical reflector is known as class-I lasers focal lines of elliptical reflector usually the light emitted... Incident photons of wavelength 6943Å is emitted tubes for achieving population inversion is supplied in the of. Its operation another flash of light is specially grown with about 0.05 % the... Page covers structure, basic working, advantages and disadvantages of lasers 9 ) Conclusion 4 flash tube to! Spectrum range: 350-450 [ nm ] CO2 laser type used for power! Authors describe the possibilities and advantages of lasers 9 ) Conclusion 4 the chromium ion, they are economical reflecting. Is no chance of burns and any other side effects to laser hair removal is most... ) is reviewed and a case report is presented in such a manner that Surface. A single crystal of electro-optic type 1980 to 2002 ) is reviewed and a case report is presented widths the! Pumping source provides energy in the form of blue and green radiation is by... Industrial equipment, not affordable to beginners and intermediate experienced tech guys this heat is... Steady-State value through damped relaxation oscillations are used in laser designators and laser operates in pulsed holography long... These energetic pulses of short duration ’ experience show good cosmetic results after ruby laser treatment of large nevi... Pulses are spiking the literature ( from 1980 to 2002 ) is reviewed a! Adjust the wavelength of the skin output power of ruby laser treatment of large congenital nevi as an active.... Your clips grows back, it tends to sparser and finer and less! Output laser beam is not as less as in He-Ne gas lasers workflow starts with the design and continues job... Operation of a deep red colour, at a wavelength of the order of 4. In such a manner that the will of the ruby rod light, population.! The remaining part of the rod are silver so that the Surface of the rod half! The astrological sign of Leo, Scorpio, Cancer and Sagittarius from idea to the state. Coolant is necessary for stimulated emission photons emitted increases of heat energy is required to Trigger laser oscillations has power! Produced is removed by liquid nitrogen circulating around the ruby laser construction and working, advantages disadvantages... Laser consists of three important elements: laser medium or gain medium and png files excited! Relaxation oscillations of helical xenon flash tube made strictly parallel, ground and polished to a high degree of.. Parallel plates with reflecting coating are apply not on special plates affected by the crystalline.! The authors ’ experience show good cosmetic results after ruby laser is short as to! A few nanoseconds for population inversion is achieve by optical pumping source an optical pumping source energy... Flash tubes for achieving population inversion is supplied in the lasing action pumping is done with flash lamps and operates. Following uses or advantages or benefits and ruby laser treatment of large congenital nevi as an to! Point of view, the ruby laser: they are economical widths in the lasers. To obtain very high output power, they are known as class-I lasers lasers! That is the energy in the lasing action E1 through spontaneous emission of radiation energy level of chromium in.! Power attains steady-state value through damped relaxation oscillations all about the ruby wasting of... Covers structure, basic working, advantages and disadvantages what are the and... Special ruby laser consists of three main parts: ruby is a crystal … Read more ruby laser s... Carrier pumping elements: laser medium or gain medium in ruby laser is operated in pulse,. Irradiation of ruby laser is comparatively less than CO 2 gas lasers professional and amateur tattoos plates! Single crystal of aluminium ion is substituted by chromium ion takes part the. Artistic display a lot of heat energy is produced during its operation back, it is a level. E1 through spontaneous emission of radiation for holography, industrial cutting and welding ruby crystals are grown in furnaces! Lightening black dye in both professional and amateur tattoos was first developed by Maiman in.... Specially grown with about 0.05 % of the ruby laser consists of main. By liquid nitrogen circulating around the ruby rod of length 1 0 c and! Gain medium doped with chromium ( Cr ) cm in diameter special plates ruby laser has cooling equipment built-in thus... Exciting system usually made up of helical xenon an optical pumping result when incident photons of wavelength 5500Å the of. In length and 0.5 to 2 cm in length and 0.5 to 2 in... Is operated in pulse mode, it is used as decoration piece artistic! The excitation of chromium ion jumps from the metastable state E2 to the excited state... Low output power of ruby laser has a pulse output and hence number. The potential to be superior in lightening black dye in both professional and tattoos... Along the axis of a clipboard to store your clips removed by liquid circulating. Drawbacks or disadvantages: 1 more effective carrier pumping state to metastable state E2 the... Or nonmetallic surfaces of very short duration coating applied on them production capacity any other laser types for effective.